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مکان پدیده ایست که انسان در طول زندگی خود به آن معنا بخشیده و به آن وابسته می شود. وابستگی به مکان از کیفیت فضا و نحوه طراحی متأثر است و افراد طی دوره زمانی خاص آن را می آفرینند. میان دلبستگی به مکان و ادراک و شناخت مکان از سوی فرد رابطه مثبت وجود دارد تا آنجا که خود را با آن بازمی شناسد. این پژوهش به بررسی رابطه طرح کالبدی و حس دلبستگی به مکان در بین ساکنین مجتمع های مسکونی می پردازد. پس ازپرداختن به نظریه های موجود در زمینه دلبستگی به مکان بارویکردی استنتاجی و با استفاده از تحقیق پیمایشی به صورت تحلیلی به آزمون فرضیه ها می پردازد، برای به دست آوردن نتایج نهایی روشی ترکیبی در قالب مطالعه موردی که عمده آن راروش همبستگی تشکیل می دهد. برای بررسی مجتمع های مسکونی مورد مطالعه، پرسشنامه سنجش شاخص‌ها تهیه و تنظیم شده و در بین ساکنین مجتمع‌های مسکونی توزیع شده و اطلاعات جمع‌آوری شده با نرم‌افزار SPSS تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که از بین شش شاخص بدست آمده یعنی تسهیلات و امکانات رفاهی، سازماندهی، کیفیت فضاهای داخلی، تعاملات اجتماعی، نوع دسترسی و دید و منظر تنها دو شاخص نوع دسترسی و دید ومنظر می‌تواند بعنوان عوامل تأثیرگذار در افزایش حس دلبستگی به مکان باشد.

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فرایند تحول و گذار از مراکز روستایی به شهری در قلمروی پیرامونی کلانشهر تهران یا به عبارتی تحولات پیراشهرنشینی، در دهه‌های اخیر روند درحال رشد و گسترشی داشته‌است. یکی از نیروهای تاثیرگذار بر چنین تحولاتی سیاست‌های هدایت و کنترل رشد شهر است. این سیاست‌ها از ابعاد کلانی چون کمربند سبز و مرزهای رشد شهری تا ابعاد خردی همچون ضوابط و مقررات توسعه شهری و منطقه بندی کاربری اراضی در طرح‌های جامع شهری را در بر می‌گیرند. برون‌فکنی و سرریز توسعه از مراکز جمعیتی دارای نظام هدایت و کنترل رشد فضایی به مراکز با نظام هدایت و کنترل رشد ضعیف یا فاقد آن در شرایط وجود تفرق سیاسی و تعدد قلمروهای مدیریتی در منطقه کلانشهری تهران، موجب پیراشهرنشینی پراکنده و رشد قارچ‌گونه سکونتگاه‌های پیراشهری به ویژه در قلمروی جنوبی کلانشهر تهران می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی روند گذار از سرریز توسعه منتج از اعمال سیاست‌های کنترل رشد به گسترش پیراشهرنشینی در هاله کلانشهری تهران است که در شرایط پخش چنین سیاست‌هایی در بین قلمروهای مدیریت محلی در منطقه صورت می‌گیرد. تحلیل این روند بر اساس تغییرات نرخ رشد جمعیت طی دوره ۱۳۷۵- ۱۳۸۵ خورشیدی در مراکز جمعیتی مستقر در هاله کلانشهری تهران است که در مدل مفهومی فرایند محوری صورت می‌گیرد.

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Todays, sustainable development is one of the principles which are considered by scholars. This means that the future of humanity is very important to maintain living standards, so that it can no longer operate as before and use the human environment. Therefore the effects of tourism should be studied perfectly to minimize its threat and maximize opportunities and strength points and this would not be realized in case of cooperation of countries. To achieve sustainable development of cultural tourism, all segments of a society should engage based on the principles of sustainable development planning to turn it into a popular culture. Sustainable development and tourism have organic communication with each other. UNWTO defines sustainable development as a kind of development which meets to needs without affecting the interests of future generations and their needs. Tourism as a social and cultural reality has both positive and negative functions in society. "Enjoying the spaces, seeing different effects and customs, understanding the ways of life, preserving cultural resources are the most important functions and benefits of this sector in society. This paper intends to consider urban tourism and its role in development addresses sustainable, tourism types and defines sustainable development and sustainable urban development, urban tourism and examines the relationship between sustainable development and urban tourism and because urban tourism is one of the most important activities and programs for sustainable development and planning for it is one of the requirements in our country due to climatic variation, historical, cultural, ethnic and religious differences.

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This article seeks to identify and classify the micro factors affecting the implementation of poverty reduction policy in Iran. The existence and spread of poverty in society, in spite of the existent policy programs is the sign of some weaknesses in the executive models of policy. Policy making in the field of poverty reduction theoretically is classified into several categories different factors are involved in the implementation of the policies. In identifying the diverse factors affecting the execution of policies, we finally could achieve the characteristics of policy, formation of policy, layers and levels involved in policy, factors affecting the response of executive factors of policy, inter-organizational relationships, impact of the feedback of the target population, and macro environmental factors which can be classified into policy , institutional, and micro settings.

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the purpose of this research is to prioritize the indexes of discretion, Heterogeny and Autogeny factors in order to analyze and evaluate their readiness for ideal situation of Central bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI). This research is an exploratory kind and in terms of method is a survey kind. The data collection tool is questionnaire. After two Delphi cycles, in final questionnaire the detachment variable was eliminated and for Autogeny variable 10 questions, Heterogeny 11 questions and discretion 17 questions were regulated, therefore it can be said the ostensible and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. Also since Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was higher than 0.7, it indicates acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, Friedman test with applying SPSS software was used. The results showed, the structural dimension with average grade of 1.83 had higher average than contextual dimension which means in Discretion factor, the structural dimension has more readiness for ideal situation. Also the structural dimension with average grade of 2 had higher average than contextual dimension which means in Heterogeny factor, structural dimension has more readiness for ideal situation. And finally, the contextual tent dimension with average grade of 1.91 had higher average than structural dimension which means in Autogeny factor, the contextual dimension has more readiness for ideal situation.

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Plants as the life giving entities have important role in mental and physical health of human. In the modern time with expansion of the cities and increase  of industrial centers and living style change and decrease of social negligence about green spaces as the factor for mental diseases, altogether have been propounded for many psychologists and physicians. In this way considering green spaces is necessary to peace of mind. This article intends to study sense and visual capabilities of artificial green spaces using descriptive method and their effects on human. The results show that connection with green space directly or using senses can contribute to reach mental health. It is hoped this research can provide conditions to further researches.

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 Improving employment opportunities for people and reducing the economic burden on government requires a broad and concentrated effort on private sectors.  Private sector growth is a key engine for creation jobs. The major advantage of private sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. These sectors are the nursery of entrepreurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovation. Entrepreneurs seek opportunities and innovations often provide the instrument for them to succeed. However, certain social, cultural and structural factors are inherent within a society which can affect entrepreurial activity. The purpose of present paper is exploring a set of positive and negative factors which can result in either stimulating or damping the activity of entrepreneurs in Iran. The statistical population includes successful entrepreneurs of Iran’s provinces in 2014 that were selected as sample randomly.  The result shows that success achieved by the entrepreneurs is positively correlated with their risk taking abilities. The overall conclusion clears that the family and government support influence

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Investigation on modern history of urban planning in Iran shows that there are three approaches in the subject under discussion: “Modernism and Westernism”, “Traditionalism and anti-Westernism”, and “Adopt and Adapt”. Proponents of the first approach believe in encouraging methods to use the external concepts. The second, is the idea about ​​cultural and religious values, ​​thereby everything with nontraditional orientation is rejected. In the third approach the thinkers believe that if the parts of tradition are synthesized by modernity, culture and religion can adapt themselves with the development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adaptation of traditional urban design patterns of Islamic-Iranian cities in incompatible district of new Iranian cities (spontaneous settlements) and to focus on the application of the third approach in the current situation of Iranian cities. On this basis, the method of comparative analysis has been applied to survey the differences and similarities between historical districts and spontaneous settlements. Studies show that there are rather similarities among physical - spatial parameters (such as structural and environmental criteria) between the two types of districts; because both of these residential districts formed as organic structures that are unstable against unexpected risks and earthquake. However, there are the differences between these two types of districts in organized and formed periods. Despite historical districts that have been consolidated and organized during hundreds of years, spontaneous urban textures formed quickly and without any plan and planning. Meanwhile, the historical districts have usually integrated townscapes and unique materials such as clay, bricks or stone, while this character (integrated townscape and unique materials) never have been seen in the spontaneous settlements. There are similarities in economic and socio- cultural characteristics between residents in the two the types of districts. The residents living in poor economic condition, but under a very strong socio-capital and traditional beliefs; There can be seen several socio-cultural and particularly religious characteristics in people of historical residential districts that are similar with the spontaneous residential places, such as “strong relationship among families, friends”, “hospitality”, “mutual relationship among family members”, strong religious beliefs and the needs for privacy and security. However, these communities are different in some principles such as quality of life and spatial and physical qualities especially in favorable and beautiful urban landscapes. So it can be extracted and adopted excellent principles from traditional and historical districts and adapt them to the inappropriate modern urban districts. With regard to the existence of these similarities, we explain applicable principles of the spatial characteristics and designing quality in the historical district of Yazd to apply in Baghshater District in Tehran as a spontaneous settlement. Findings show that we can use several solutions to reconstruct this zone included: 1) land readjustment as the suitable solution in Baghshater District with regard to the familial residential pattern in historical zone of Yazd such as Fahadan District. 2) Focusing on the traditional concept of mutual relationship in residential houses. 3) Emphasizing on the hierarchy of The entrances and exits of the residential units.

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In today's communities achieving to effectiveness of urban advertising is one of troubles of advertisement industry. This research is trying to answer this question that using three-dimensional design in urban advertising has what place in urban field? This query has been conducted in the method of iconological analysis on chosen urban advertising works of last 15 years in the world with the goal of achieve to volume effect on effectiveness of public advertisement. Results show that reason of effectiveness of chosen urban advertising (billboard) of last 15 years in the world (2000-2015) is -due to public audience of commercial advertisement and services- using volume display in the amount of 86.7% which among this number 83.3% of them have interacted with around environment space.